Cultural Diversity In The Canadian Workplace - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1781 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/08/16 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Diversity In The Workplace Essay Did you like this example? Organizations are becoming more diverse and one important aspect is culture, one important reason for this multicultural environment is that more companies are augmenting their operations world wide and an important consequence of this is the immigration process. In 2016 according to the Permanent Residents Data (IRCC, 2017) Canada receives population from over 200 countries around the world, in consequence the multiculturalism in Canada has occurred due to the huge amount of immigrants coming to the country every year creating an increase in innovation and culture of inclusion, due to this multiculturality, Canada is becoming a stronger country. Nevertheless the incrementation in cultural diversity poses not only a positive impact in your company but also represents that the management team should be able to develop new strategies to manage the diverse workforce and here in Canada there are still inequity disadvantages that hasnt prevent every kind of discrimination, to impr ove this we need to know the legislation around diversity, examples of companies in the country that provide us with experience in order to make new human resources initiatives.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Cultural Diversity In The Canadian Workplace" essay for you Create order Diversity is defined by the dissimilarities existing between individuals in any possible characteristic than can show to our own perception that another person is different from us. There are two main areas in which diversity is divided, the first one is the surface level of diversity that are characteristics that are seen in our physical features like age, gender, race and ethnicity, or visible features like physical handicap or weigh problems (anorexia or obesity) and the second area is the deep level diversity that reflects characteristics that can not be immediately seen by the bare eye like personalities, beliefs, attitudes, values, sexual orientation and religion. (Roberge, 2010). Another diversity differences in the workplace are profession, occupation, vocation and expertise. Diversity in the workplace should involve equal rights and favorable circumstances to grow in any company, management should develop strategies for people of marginalized groups to perform and contribute at the same time as people of not marginalized groups, and create equal opportunities at the different levels of the organization. Discrimination is when someone acts in a perjudicial way towards other people based on the differences that characterized that person or a group. Ethical and Legal dimensions surrounding diversity According to Dressler, Chhinzer and Cole (2014) legislation protecting the general population are human rights that in the Canada Constitution Act appeared in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the human right legislation. The Charter gives the following rights and freedoms to every Canadian, that are important to know to later provide a hole background for the legislation in the workplace, the first one is freedom on conscience and religion, the second one is freedom of thought that includes belief and opinion, the third one is freedom of   peaceful assembly and the last one is freedom of association. The Charter also talks about the equality rights that provides equal protection against discrimination based on race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age, mental or physical disability. On the other had we also have the human rights legislation, that must be wide known by CEOs and managers so they are aware of their legal obligations and responsibilities dependi ng on their jurisdiction, but something that does not change in any province is the prohibition of discrimination against all Canadians in the same range as mentioned before and also against discrimination based on sexual orientation and family status. Employers are allowed to discriminate if the job characteristics are based on a bona fide occupational requirement (BFOR) that is based the business necessities, for example, to be safe and efficient operation of the organization like if you are blind you can not apply to be an airplane pilot, two Canadian examples where they have apply BFOR is Roman Catholic schools, that their teachers to believe in the Roman Catholic Church for more adherence to the beliefs and culture of the institution and the second example is that the Royal Canadian Mounted Police asked for BFOR for the guards to be the same sex as the prisoners being guarded (Dressler, Chhinzer and Cole, 2014). However enforcement of the human rights is the responsibility of every province in Canada, but there are employers obligations that should be followed in every jurisdiction, the first one is that every company should have an anti discrimination/anti harassment policies, a safe way to complaint on this issues and training for employees to prevent this events, the second one is to have investigation and consequences after the complaints and the third ones is resolving the complaint. After this they have stipulated two solutions if discrimination is found the first one is called Systemic Remedies that involves improve the policies of the company, the complaint should be followed by legislation and prevention of future events by training the employee involved with training. The second solution is called Restitutional Remedies that involves monetary compensation for the complainant and a letter of apology. Examples of Organizations are successful with diversity or controversy example To illustrate the problem discrimination based on race, ethnicity and colour is illegal in all provinces in Canada as said before but not so long ago the British Columbia Human Rights Tribunal found out that to companies of construction had discriminated latin american workers because they were treated differently as the european employees because they were paid less for the same job, the significant low wages difference make the tribunal retribute the workers with $100,000 each. Programs and initiatives of HR to manage cultural diversity in workplace Cultural diversity management is very crucial for advantages and cut-throat competitions.   Researchers have been creating relationship among culture and behaviour for almost a century. However, complex culture diversity is still existing in these days.Culture diversity issue will be seen in the upcoming years if management would not overcome religious and cultural differences. Human Resource Administration and cross culture analysts such as Hofstede, Laurent and Schneider have endeavored both significance and impacts of culture in perspective of human resource methods and to characterize culture. It is broadly recognized that there is absence of hypothetical meticulousness and effects of social issues in the areas of Human Resource Management for example recruitment, hierarchical socialization and beneficial trainings. In late 1980s and the early 1990s, the human resource strategy enabled the adequate administration of the workers who were different from each other by demographic adjustments. In this concept, they emphasized to make atmosphere in which associates can achieve their maximum potential to pursue organizational objectives. They comprised workers who have different characteristics from one another, and theses distinctions focused on visible and hidden elements (Seymen, 2006).   Cooke and Saini (2012) said that there are various disciplines included: psychology, human science and administration and research strategies like interviews, case studies and lab examinations that marked organizational diversity becomes an issue in concepts and processes of management. Diversity management is observed as a basic component for business accomplishment in Human Resource Management. The primary goal of diversity management is to make culturally diverse organizations in which people with different cultural backgrounds can contribute and can achieve higher potential. Diversity Management is considered as a superior methodology that focuses on admiring unique workers. A diverse workforce can maximize   the development of advanced products and services, improve market share, and enhance base of clients. Managers and human resources management need to develop various fruitful approaches to make culturally open environment in the workplace. Also, Human Resources managem ent should make an open and comprehensive culture-oriented environment, in which everybody helps each other to enroll, and they can show their talents. The three variations such as communication, team building, and time are essential elements to achieve good performance from employees. Organisations can provide cultural competence ability training includes familiarity with own cultures, knowledge about other societies, tolerance states toward social contrasts to mitigate cultural difference problems. It is very important for the managers and workers to ponder why culture-oriented environment is a cutthroat advantage, and how cultural differences are beneficial for better performance. HR has regular job to improve and manage cultural differences in corporations. For instance, they can develop fun games or intelligent recreations on qualities for associates in the workplace. They should support and provide suggestions to adopt another culture and maintain their own culture at the same time. HR should build diversity-based teams because social contrast can construct significant groups (Laurent, 2005). According to Ratna, Sethi, Abrol, Gupta Agrawal (2016), it is proposed that the level of learning of a cultural environment is an directly correlated with   HR systems and practices. There is an organization named as Golden Eagle Sagar, the combination of Golden Eagle and Sagar Inc., are confronting issues after combined because of insufficient decent variety administration. It is presumed that companies can utilize two methodologies that can do a good job to manage diverse workforce for instance i.e. training to employees, managers and other employees who work with diverse groups. Investigators examined social measurements, nature of any level of blended culture and significance of humanist factors in the employees of global companies in Africa. The outcomes demonstrated how this organization could enhance its HRM rules and regulations because of perceiving local cultural dimensions in the meantime as reconsidering some difficult problems such as remuneration. There is another situation of HRM supervisor in the bank of Quebec, Canada. The management of bank involved diverse workforce by expanding ethnic groups and cultural minority portrayal and by decreasing discrimination between employees. HRM methods should be planned and executed to encourage enrollment, selection, integration and growth of cultural diversity. In China. Chinese are affecting the HRM of Italian organizations. Rewards and Challenges Culturally diverse workforce has various benefits and consequences for the organizations. The first positive impact is that workers of different cultures have different experiences, thoughts and knowledge which is beneficial to examine any stuff or problem very easily in workplace. Another is, these corporation have great opportunity to spread their business in other nations because management can know about local customs, religions, rules and regulations of other counties by gaining knowledge and information from individual workers. For example, An American company which is trying to expand their business in India can get information about Indian governmental and state levels laws, tax and insurance regulations. Information about the different cultures can reduce the expenses of organization because concerned employees and leaders have in-house trainers and practitioners, so they can save time, money and energy. Culturally diverse workers are useful for the associations to grow busi ness from office to online commercial center. Diversity is helpful to maximize organizations recognitions, approaches, techniques, projection of new item, improvement of promoting plan, production of new thoughts, outline of new activities and appraisal of developing patterns.

Anthropology and Its Branches - 1728 Words

Anthropology is the study of human beings, in particular the study of their physical character, evolutionary history, racial classification, historical and present-day geographic distribution, group relationships, and cultural history. Anthropology can be characterized as the naturalistic description and interpretation of the diverse peoples of the world. Modern-day anthropology consists of two major divisions: cultural anthropology, which deals with the study of human culture in all its aspects; and physical anthropology, which is the study of human physical character, in both the past and present. Anthropology emerged as an independent science in the late 18th century, it developed two divisions: physical anthropology, which focuses on†¦show more content†¦For example, paintings on walls of tombs may throw light on the status of the person buried there. Such paintings often depict practices prevalent in a society. Study of burial sites can helparchaeologists understand the religious beliefs of a group of people. Biological Anthropology Biological anthropology, also known as physical anthropology, deals with tracing the biological origins, evolutionary changes, and the genetic diversity of the human species. In the process, biological anthropologists study primate behavior, and anatomical variations between primates and human beings in order to understand physical changes that have taken place in humans during their evolutionary journey from apes. They may also take up genetic analysis and anthropometric studies to find reasons behind the physical differences between people of various groups. Besides these major branches, anthropology also has other divisions like forensic anthropology, medical anthropology, and ecological anthropology. Although each branch is a specialized field of study, they are inter-related. This gives anthropologists an edge over researchers from other fields in addressing human problems, as they study human existence not in isolation but in totality. Evolution Of Man - What is it? The modern theory concerning the evolution of man proposes that humans and apes derive from an apelike ancestor that lived on earth a few million years ago. The theory states that man,Show MoreRelatedAnthropology Essay : The Importance Of Anthropology1622 Words   |  7 PagesThe Importance of Anthropology Anthropology is a scientific field that seems to be largely misunderstood by the general public. Many people hear the word â€Å"anthropology† and think of an old man with a magnifying glass looking at some dusty old fossils. In reality, anthropology is much more broad than archaeology, which people normally associate with it. Forms of anthropology are used in many aspects of daily life from advertising to law enforcement. Anthropology is difficult to define, as it is extremelyRead MoreAnimal Ancestry : The Field Of Anthropology Essay1271 Words   |  6 PagesRyan Schueneman Intro to Anthropology Rachel McTavish 05 December 2016 Animal Ancestry Within the field of anthropology, there are various subsections that deal with specific branches of knowledge. Zooarchaeology, specifically, is a division of archaeology that deals with the remains of an animal after it has died. Much knowledge can be gleaned about various aspects of the animal itself, as well as the world surrounding it, through the study of zooarchaeology. The following will discuss the historyRead MoreThe Interconnectedness Of Cultural Anthropology And Folk Literature1308 Words   |  6 Pagesinterconnectedness of cultural anthropology and folk literature. There are many essays that have already shown the interrelationship between folklore and anthropology1. 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Since the work of Franz Boas and BronisÅ‚aw Malinowski in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, anthropology from Great Britain and the US has been distinguished from branch of ethnology and also from other social sciences branches which emphasize on cross-culturalRead MoreINTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 BY SAQUILAYAN2009 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Chapter 1 ( Introduction to Sociology Anthropology by Dr. Victorio Saquilayan) Discussant: Prof. Ferdinand Dupaya Salagan, BSEd, MA,MPA,PhD(c.) 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Essay1245 Words   |  5 Pages For the past century, Anthropology has come to be known as a study of an infinite curiosity about humans. Not only concerned with an interest in human beings and their developements, Anthropology is much more broad in concept of trying to understand the relationships between human beings and all possible questions about them. Anthropology is trying to understand all aspects of human beings through the broad discovery, study, interpretation and inference of past and present cultural characteristicsRead MoreIntro to Physical Anthropology Chap 1,2,31217 Words   |  5 PagesChapter One-Introduction Anthropology: the study of humans in all times, situations, and places. Physical Anthropology: the scientific study of humans as biological organisms, in an evolutionary context. Branches of Physical Anthropology: Human evolution: the study of how and why our human ancestors changed over millions of years. 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Describe the six social sciences: 1.Anthropology: Anthropology is associated with finding and defining people culture. Anthropology is a form used to find out information that is related to people lifestyle and their culture. Every human culture system is logical and coherent in its own terms, given the basic assumption and knowledge

The Human Brain and Philosophy Free Essays

As early as the 70s science had established right brain superiority at performing visual and spatial tasks, such as drawing three-dimensional shapes, and left brain specialization for language, speech, and problem solving. (Gazzaniga,1996). By 2005, Gazzaniga said scientific research has proved that the brain could insists on created belief. We will write a custom essay sample on The Human Brain and Philosophy or any similar topic only for you Order Now He said research findings tend to show that the left-hemisphere interpreter is not only a master of belief creation, but it will stick to its belief system no matter what. In this context the scientist in effect is also warning us that the brain could serve to make humans slaves of their philosophical or religious belief: Any time our left brain is confronted with information that does not jibe with our self-image, knowledge, or conceptual framework, our left-hemisphere interpreter creates a belief to enable all incoming information to make sense and mesh with our ongoing idea of our self. The interpreter seeks patterns, order, and causal relationships. (Gazzaniga, 2005). The implications for religion and philosophy are tremendous, but more striking with recent findings is that ancient philosophers without the aid of neuro-cognitive science research have long before seen some semblance of similarity with what science now is uncovering. Philosophy of the rationalist schools of thought expounded extensively on how we can perceive truths: through experience or by reason, and/or a combination of both. (Empiricism, Rationalism, or a mix of both thinking. ) The dialogue ranged from the point that reason determines knowledge to the extreme position that reason is the unique path to knowledge. Brain and Philosophy 2 But going even further back to ancient philosophy, Socrates expounded long ago on the Greek belief that the soul had an irrational and a rational side, and that the ideal would be to develop the rational dominating the irrational. The Platonic dictum of know thyself, is in effect the rational mastering the modern brain to mean man’s full potential. Descartes later also upheld reason and the scientific method, asserting that such empirical experiences such as dreams (among the experiential but unreliable illusionary reality) cannot determine reality. Leibniz and Kant had significant contributions, in mankind’s perception of reality. In trying to make sense of the many opinions on reality and experience, Leibniz at one point argued that the universal reality is the best that the Creator can make out of the universe—a case or sort of optimization — explanation that seemed to have tried to make sense out of the rational and empirical explanations of what the mind perceives as chaotic. Philosophy tries to make sense out of everything, using argument or reason — and experience, but as Socrates seemed to have proved long ago, we always ended up in the inquiry where we began. Ultimately what common source all these arguments come from is clearly the brain itself, whose physiology and functions are magnificently being unraveled by science. Ironically Gazzaniga seemed to be also warning us that what inhibits the unraveling is right there in our brains too, in the left hemisphere which resists the inconvenience of new findings that challenge our long held beliefs. . If we shall let the full flowering of the rational to proceed, as Plato and Socrates had long espoused, it looks like we’re the better for it. This unites the end of philosophy with what our scientists are trying to help us find out. (2005) Brain and Philosophy 3 References 1 Gazzanga,M. â€Å"Whole Brain Interpreter†: Science News, February 24, 1996. Retrieved October 15, 2008 http://pegasus. cc. ucf. edu/~fle/gazzaniga. html 2 Gazzanga,M. The Ethical Brain by Michael Gazzaniga . (Chicago. : Dana Press 2005) ,145-55. Retrieved October 15,2008 from http://www. press. uchicago. edu/Misc/Chicago/1932594019. html 3. Definitions of rationalism and empiricism used the Stanford encyclopedia Retrieved October 15,2008 http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/rationalism-emp How to cite The Human Brain and Philosophy, Papers

Advantages Of CLassical Music free essay sample

Throughout history there have been several genres of music. It is an important aspect of every culture, helping to define and shape it across the globe. Varieties range from Hip-Hop to RB, Country, Gospel, and several others. One type of music that has produced countless numbers of classics is, Classical music. Classical music is a great choice for anyone who enjoys a mellower, relaxed sound. It has been known to soothe the soul, help concentration, and give a pleasant feeling to its listeners.The belief that classical music soothes the soul can be proven true through overall instances. The first is, unlike Rock or Rap music which are both theoretically a somewhat harsher sound, Classical music produces a relaxing melody. It also has a harmony that is unguarded of in contemporary Rock music, not to mention other genres. Another circumstance in which Classical music is used to soothe the soul is on the phone lines. We will write a custom essay sample on Advantages Of CLassical Music or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When a company places one on hold, the music being played on the other end of the line is more than likely Classical.This is not a coincidence. The music choice is made due to the fact hat it relaxes the listener, creating a greater chance that he will remain on the line. Another belief is that Classical music aids in concentration. I have had several teachers throughout my life who strongly believe that listening to Classical music while studying greatly improves their odds of retaining knowledge. The harmony and soft sound that are produced through Classical music help null all outside noises and distractions, allowing one to concentrate more on the task at hand.It is also a given that it is easier to focus when listening to a after, mellower sound than a loud sharp noise which is often related to genres like Rap or Rock. The last belief is that Classical music is pleasant to listen to. The previous two beliefs alone should prove that it is pleasant to the mind. If that is not enough there are, indeed, several more examples of how classical music is pleasant to listen to. Classical music is strictly instrumental and lacks any vocals whatsoever. Much remains to be interpreted. This leaves a great amount of meaning to be found in the imagination of the listener.The music can mean anything to anyone and something completely different to the person in the next seat. That is the beauty of Classical music and one of the reasons it is so pleasant to the mind. Despite all the positives of Classical music, its popularity has oddly enough decreased in the past few decades. The emergence of Rock and Roll and more recently Rap music has left it on the back burner. Classical music will always remain a large part of musics past and hopefully present and future. It is an enjoyable, relaxing, and soothing genre that should be praised for generations.

5 Types of Redundancy

5 Types of Redundancy 5 Types of Redundancy 5 Types of Redundancy By Mark Nichol Various words and phrases serve to communicate what a word or phrase refers to or herald to a reader that additional information is forthcoming or a comparison is being made, but writers sometimes make the mistake of unnecessarily employing more than one of these indicators at once. The following five sentences illustrate an array of redundancies. Discussions and revisions follow each erroneous sentence. 1. Many of them are between the ages of 15 and 35 years old. â€Å"The ages of† and â€Å"years old† serve the same purpose- to identify what the numbers 15 and 35 signify- so use one or the other: â€Å"Many of them are between 15 and 35 years old† or â€Å"Many of them are between the ages of 15 and 35.† 2. Despite differences between millennials and Generation Z, both share the same workplace learning needs. Both and share have the same function; they indicate that there is something in common. Either write â€Å"Despite differences between millennials and Generation Z, they share the same workplace learning needs,† or start the main clause with â€Å"both have† and detail the specifics. 3. In addition, financial institutions should also consider having teams that provide oversight at regional or global levels. Also is redundant to â€Å"in addition,† so use one or the other: â€Å"In addition, financial institutions should consider having teams that provide oversight at regional or global level† or â€Å"Financial institutions should also consider having teams that provide oversight at regional or global levels.† 4. He hosted an educational television program from 1993 to 1998, and he also wrote several books on scientific topics. And indicates that additional information is forthcoming, so also is extraneous: â€Å"He hosted an educational television program from 1993 to 1998, and he wrote several books on scientific topics.† (Another option is to slightly simplify the sentence: â€Å"He hosted an educational television program from 1993 to 1998 and wrote several books on scientific topics.† Alternatively, also can be retained if and is deleted, which requires, however, that a semicolon supplant the comma: â€Å"He hosted an educational television program from 1993 to 1998; he also wrote several books on scientific topics.†) 5. His account was bolstered by Jones, who, like Smith, also relies on communications with a network of family and acquaintances still in the city. Like indicates that Jones shares a characteristic with Smith, so also is superfluous: â€Å"His account was bolstered by Jones, who, like Smith, relies on communications with a network of family and acquaintances still in the city.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Yours faithfully or Yours sincerely?8 Writing Tips for Beginners10 Varieties of Syntax to Improve Your Writing

Abortion as a Сurrent Public Policy Issue

Abortion as a Ð ¡urrent Public Policy Issue Abortion as a current public policy issue/controversy in the news today Controversies arise because of different opinions of people due to individual uniqueness in beliefs, logical reasoning, religious, political, and social economic backgrounds that often lead to heated and argumentative discussions. While there are numerous public policy issues, the paper tables the scope, cost, policies, solutions, stakeholders, and institutions that address abortion in the United States of America as an issue aired in the news nowadays.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Abortion as a Ð ¡urrent Public Policy Issue specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thousands of issues seem right in the eyes of majority, but are appealing to the minority or persons benefiting from them (Lejano, Leong, 2012, p. 796). The argumentative topic on abortion is a concern for public as depicted by the participation of several people in today’s ne ws all over the world. However, in looking at the fundamental issues related to abortion, education, legal and activism, sex and sexism, drug and substance abuse, and health care reform cannot be overemphasized considering the fact that abortion is a process and not an accident. The question over whether or not the government should legalize abortion has hit the recent news with Americans having divided opinions. The United States’ abortion procedures ignited public attention in 2010 and 2011 (Campbell, 2011, p.963: Gerwin, 2012, p. 632). Opponents stress that life begins at conception, and therefore abortion inflicts excruciation in the unborn child. Proponents claim that failure to legalize abortion makes pregnant women opt to risky abortion methods and that governmental or religious authority should not limit their abortion rights (Bisignano, 2009, p. 745). Consequently, the issue has seen the emergence of social and political activists who have polarized the debate on abo rtion in order to gain popularity within the public. In my view, it does not matter the sides where one belongs to as long as the arguments can withstand the test of time, are in line with the fundamental freedoms and rights of the people, and are in accordance with societal moral standards and principles. Both the proponents and opponents acknowledge that abortion is an issue of life and death, which is accomplished out of one’s personal initiatives. Just like death, abortion does not discriminate based on the doer of the act whether a well-informed or uneducated mother, poor or rich mother, young or old mother, under or not under the influence of drug.Advertising Looking for term paper on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The outcomes and objectives are related (Gerwin, 2012, p. 634). However, any attempt to minimize the long lasting abortion debate should aim at changing people’s attitude towards sex, drug, and substance abuse that enhance early or unplanned pregnancies among women. Besides, prevention is better than cure. With endless arguments on abortion, adequate education and awareness as well as proper health care reforms on abortion are inevitable. Description and analysis of the scope of abortion Throughout history, abortion methods have often been unsafe since they can result in serious injuries and sometimes death to the women. The fundamental argument for allowing abortion has been to abolish unsafe abortion methods done in societies where abortion was illegal and without the support of specialists. The variation in arguments on issues of abortion is indeed a public concern (Campbell, 2011, p.967). Both opponents and proponents to some extent accept that abortion can act as a last resort under unavoidable circumstances such as when a womans life is at risk and or in case of rape or incest (Pollman, 2012, p. 185). The community argues that surgica l and medical abortions are the most common types of abortion procedures used by women while therapeutic, elective, spontaneous, and induced abortions are rarely used (Lejano, Leong, 2012, p. 807). However, death of the infant or mother or both may occur whether or not a specialist helps in the process. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), more than eighty percent of the US counties provide abortion services where an estimated five times black women as white women do abortion per day (Uscinski, 2009, p. 798). The legislative enactment and amendment on abortion is another fundamental public concern. The amendment ensures that federal ban on public funding for abortion forms a part of the States’ constitution in order to reduce the scope of the State privacy law. In addition, the national abortion reporting laws and policies in America fail to inform and guide on issues related to public policy in a timely manner (Gerwin, 2012, p. 642). The US sta rted criminalizing abortion since 1821. Physicians mainly influenced the move fearing its safety. By 1965, the entire US had outlawed abortion. However, according to World Health Organization Report released in 2006, each year, abortion causes several maternal deaths in regions where it is not legal (Uscinski, 2009, p. 998). In this case, people discuss issues of life and death and problems arising from the legalization and illegalization of abortion (Campbell, 2011, p.972). Compliance with abortion reporting laws has also proven difficult. There is the inability of ascertaining the inputs of various medical conditions to maternal deaths and giving complete reports on abortion (Pollman, 2012, p. 199).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Abortion as a Ð ¡urrent Public Policy Issue specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Lack of reliable measurements makes calculation of the relative safety and danger of induced abortion a nd delivery not viable. The challenge has spackled a public debate. Moreover, public health agencies are unable to enforce the existing reporting laws making it problematic in understanding the real issues about abortion. The stakeholders and affected constituencies Issues of abortion do not have specific stakeholders because they cut across all humanity. However, the humanity can be categorized into primary, secondary, and key stakeholders. Beneficiaries are those who aim at gaining either money or service from the abortion process. They include individuals who are experiencing the risk for a particular problem or abortionists and those who help in carrying out the process: the physicians (Gerwin, 2012, p. 650). Secondary stakeholders comprise those directly involved with beneficiaries such as parents, spouses, siblings, children, friends, teachers, counselors. Secondary stakeholders also involve people whose jobs or lives can be influenced by the abortion process especially if the y do or fail to report the act of abortion (Lejano, Leong, 2012, p. 811). They comprise community members, employers, contractors, proprietors, police, and other law enforcement agencies. Key stakeholders include those with an interest in the abortion outcome and those who can influence decisions government officials and policy makers (Uscinski, 2009, p. 805). Government officials and policy makers such as state or federal agencies, governors, local board members, and legislators have the responsibility of devising, passing, and enforcing laws and regulations, which may or may not fulfill the set goals (Uscinski, 2009, p. 812). In deed, if the governments allowed women to abort unnecessarily, some of the world’s great leaders and scientists would not have been born. If death occurs, the families and communities in which it occurs are affected psychologically, socially, economically, and politically (Campbell, 2011, p.966). Women, their spouses, and the unborn are the direct bearers of the consequences of abortion. According to Breast Cancer Prevention Institute (BCPI) and the Catholic Medical Association (CMA) in 2006, abortion increases the likelihood of women developing breast cancer and future miscarriages (Pollman, 2012, p. 206). Relevant political institutions to the policy discussion about Abortion Even though physicians do not entertain social, cultural, and religious issues in analyzing the relationship between abortion politics and policies, abortion has proved to be a divisive political issue in the United States since the reign of Roe Wade (Pollman, 2012, p. 183). Political institutions are central in the issue.Advertising Looking for term paper on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consequently, through federalism, judicial review, and a private health care system, the Americans consider abortion simply as an individual right rather than a medical requirement (Uscinski, 2009, p. 814). The nature and structure of the US political parties give abortion proponents and opponents the opportunity to initiate and accommodate abortion issue in their political agenda. Legal complexity, political factors, structures, and values are responsible for evolution of abortion policy. Political institutions and ideologies â€Å"†¦affect the nature and timing of policy decisions on abortion thus contributing distinctively to policy differences across nations† (Bejesky, 2012, p. 967). The controversy surrounding the topic of abortion sparkled in the US Congress health care debate in 2010 with the opponents and proponents in the House of Representatives and the Senate trading accusations. Unlike the proponents who want equal treatment of all in the health care services , opponents of abortion did not want beneficiaries of insurance subsidies to receive Federal funding for any abortion (Gerwin, 2012, p. 645). The health care reform bill sailed through the House of Representatives that followed by the signing of Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and an executive order by President Barack Obama to ensure that federal funds are not used for abortion services (Pollman, 2012, p. 218). President Ronald Reagan declared the Mexico City Policy during Mexico Conference that limits all nongovernmental groups sponsored by the US Agency for International Development (USAID) from enhancing abortion services (Uscinski, 2009, p. 803). While in 2009, President Obama issued a memorandum repealing the Mexico City Policy stating that it weakens efforts of promoting safe and effective voluntary family planning programs. The observable of economic challenges and political interests indicate forces influencing fertility-related practices, values, and policies in the United States Policies proposed to address Abortion Abortion policies in the United States involve criminalization of abortion in the states and enactment of abortion laws by the federal government. Despite state public debate on abortion in 2011, Roe Wade declared federal actions that the majority of the state anti-abortion laws were unconstitutional (Gerwin, 2012, p. 647). The declaration forced proponents to push for federal policies that would restrict abortion. Congress passed Hyde Amendment bill for the Department of Health and Human Services limiting federal funding for abortion, which was an amendment that had been under constant review since its inception (Pollman, 2012, p. 221). Moreover, abortion policies aim at maintaining morality, economic development, and national security. Congressional attacks on reproductive rights intensified opponents of choice and pro-choice to introduce abortion policies that promote their political agendas (Pollman, 2012, p. 195). The Hea lth Care Reform adopted by both houses has imposed abortion restrictions on women by barring them from insurance coverage and accessing abortion services. Judicial nominations defend reproductive health care for the future generations (Campbell, 2011, p.970). Notwithstanding, courts are paramount in asserting all human rights including ensuring access, threats to abortion rights, and reproductive choice in the US. Therefore, Prevention First amendments and Rights for a Fetus Act aims at denying millions of women their abortion coverage further weakening their access to abortion care (Deirdre, 2011, p.196). Prevention First Act aims at increasing access to preventive health care services and to initiate programs, which reduce unplanned pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. Child Interstate Abortion Notification Act (CIANA) provides that only parents should be involved in helping a minor woman. However, any trusted person within or without the family can be federally prosecut ed for helping a woman who may be a victim of family abuse, rape, or incest. NAF emphasizes that state abortion legislations impact directly on women’s health across the country (Gerwin, 2012, p. 636). It guarantees protection of abortion providers and abortionists. NAF public policy advocates for fair and independent judiciary that guarantees women’s right to safe and legal abortion. According to the Supreme Court ruling, federal abortion ban interferes with physicians’ ability to make proper medical decisions (Pollman, 2012, p. 212). Solution to Abortion and the Factors behind the Solution A part from suitable education that changes and creates awareness on sex, drugs, and abortions, congress should adequately finance Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in order to gather data for a national abortion report to upgrade surveillance (Deirdre, 2011, p.193). This will ensure effective public policy implementation on abortion issues as stipulated in the report. In ad dition, governments should encourage every state to adopt the goal of issuing cumulative statistical data on abortion on a timely basis including monthly and annual reports (Uscinski, 2009, p. 801). Publication of the reports greatly helps policymakers, private sector actors, and other stakeholders in devising, testing, and evaluating awareness, education, and public health strategies in order to make abortion less frequent and ultimately rare (Pollman, 2012, p. 203). The federal government should urge all states to revise their statutes to improve standards of care in the growing role of medical abortions across the nation. Laws should clearly stipulate the roles of pharmacists, non-physicians, nurses, and midwives who purport to perform abortions as well as any institution that employs a physician from within or outside the state in the country who prescribes drugs for abortion (Campbell, 2011, p.973). Moreover, abortions may or may not involve minor and major operations. Therefor e, parental notice legislations deserve more attention in order for them to receive timely information in case of abortion (Pollman, 2012, p. 234). Congress should reinforce abortion-reporting laws with the help of the public and or impose realistic financial disincentives on the states that deliberately fail to submit reports. Cost of Abortion to the Americans: How much would it cost to address the issue? If the costs are unknown, why are they unknown? Ideally, the strength and inconsistency of abortion legislatives in the US make the cost of addressing very unpredictable. However, lack of sufficient comparative data on abortion policy execution and law implementation have put a lot of emphasis on laws and legislation as well as judicial decisions whose implementation requires thousands of the US dollars (Gerwin, 2012, p. 639). The executive has increased the price of competent abortion services, rates of maternal morbidity, mortality, and medical techniques, and knowledge among ca re providers and consumers leading to higher costs of public policy on abortion in the US. There is legislation that measures and determines the extent of psychological damage in an individual resulting from abortion. The psychological disturbance has diverse effects on humans especially when no immediate attention is given. The study published by the Southern Medical Journal in 1998 and 2002 identifies that more than one hundred and fifty percent of women who aborted are more likely to commit suicide in relation to those who carry the pregnancy to the term. In addition, more than fifty percent of men whose partners have abortions reported regret, sadness, and depression (Uscinski, 2009, p. 796). Notwithstanding, those who steer abortion are â€Å"more interested in making profits instead of assisting their clients† (Deirdre, 2011, p.190). Irrespective of the method, any abortion costs about between three hundred and fifty to one thousand dollars. A study in 2009 indicated th at, while abortion industry makes over eight hundred million dollars annually, the country uses nearly equal amounts towards abortion including public policy issues. In my view, instead of a women wanting to or aborting, they should give their unwanted babies to persons who cannot biologically conceive in order to save the country from spending such a huge amount of money on abortion-related issues. Is the public policy issue one faced by both the federal government and state governments? Indeed, many problems that befall different communities in the United States of America can not only be solved by the State or Federal governments but also through initiatives and actions taken in the private sphere (Gerwin, 2012, p. 646). As the government aims to adopt laws and regulations to address public policy problems, individuals and families with or without the involvement of civil societies such as socio-economic and political associations establish programs towards obtaining a lasting so lution to the problem (Campbell, 2011, p.965: Reynolds, 2011, p. 973). However, policymaking process can prove very challenging in terms of who will benefit and bear any risk resulting from them. Consequently, the stakeholders repeatedly reassess, re-examine, and revise the undertakings thus making the process lack a clear starting or end. In addition, the process of making public policies involves the problem, players, and the policy. It takes place following rational model stages. Agenda setting is the first step in which agencies and government officials discuss the proposed problem (Deirdre, 2011, p.187). The option formulation step precedes the implementation stage, and involves laying alternative solutions and final decisions regarding the best policies (Pollman, 2012, p. 189). During implementation, the private sector, public sector, and other government organs can easily interpret policies to check for several common challenges such as personal interests, political affiliati ons, and personalities that influence the players through the entire process. Conclusion The interest of the public is to understand and be involved in formulating abortion policies that will recognize and guide women and girls doing abortion, at any stage of the child development, in the presence or absence of physicians (Campbell, 2011, p.962). In addition, the existence of a strong public curiosity about making abortion a rare event in spite of its legal status in the nation cannot be overruled. Therefore, the only suitable way to gather the right information about abortion and to protect abortionists’ privacy and individual health is to examine and understand the scope and cost of and the policies, solutions, stakeholders, and institutions that address abortion in the United States of America as it is in the news today. Reference List Bejesky, R. (2012). Public diplomacy or propaganda? Targeted messages and tardy corrections to unverified reporting. Capital University Law Review, 40(1), 967. Bisignano, J. (2009). Current issues in public policy: Whistleblowing and the intentional distortion of news. Journal of Law Public Policy, 6(1), 745. Campbell, A. (2011). Policy Feedbacks and the Impact of Policy Designs on Public Opinion.  Journal of Health Politics, Policy Law, 36(6), 961-973. Deirdre, K. (2011). The Public Policy Pedagogy of Corporate and Alternative News Media.  Studies in Philosophy Education, 30(2), 185-198. Gerwin, L. (2012). The Challenge of Providing the Public with Actionable Information during a Pandemic. Journal of Law, Medicine Ethics, 40(3), 630-654. Lejano, R., Leong, C. (2012). A Hermeneutic Approach to Explaining and Understanding Public Controversies. Journal of Public Administration Research Theory, 22(4), 793-814. Pollman, E. (2012). Information issues on Wall Street 2.0. University of Pennsylvania Law  Review, 161(1), 179-241. Reynolds, R. (2011). Google news and public policys influence on fair use in online in fringement controversies. Journal of Civil Rights and Economic Development, 25(1), 973. Uscinski, J. (2009). When Does the Publics Issue Agenda Affect the Medias Issue Agenda (and Vice-Versa)? Developing a Framework for Media-Public Influence. Social Science  Quarterly (Blackwell Publishing Limited, 4(1), 796-815.

Life Stages and Financial Products Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Life Stages and Financial Products - Essay Example Most individuals assume that they have a lot of time on their hands and this could prevent them from building a strong portfolio. Failure to start early at this phase could deny one the opportunity of enjoying interests that accrue from time. Additionally, starters may struggle with minimal income, so this could be a challenge. Student debt may also trouble persons in this category as they attempt to cover their living expenses in the process (Koh, 2012). Young people often want to have fun and enjoy the benefit of not being tied down by responsibilities. They may be focusing on climbing the career ladder and getting to know what they really stand for. Perhaps the biggest challenge for young professionals is that they lack information on how to invest. They may be boggled by a plethora of information available on financial security. Some may purchase cars at this stage or do so later. Starting a young family is the next phase. Usually, one will get married and start having children. It may begin in the late twenties or early thirties. At this stage of life, people will need to think of relocating to a bigger house that will accommodate more people. Additionally, concerns about merging two people’s financial lives together may arise. Matters to do with health and education for the young children also need to be addressed. It is often necessary to plan for a rainy day as several dependants are in the picture (This is Money, 2013). Expenses at this time will often rise as children and family members can be quite expensive.

Online Instruction versus Face to Face Instruction Essay

Online Instruction versus Face to Face Instruction - Essay Example Classrooms may now be visited by logging in to virtual sites, teachers send through instruction via emails and forum posts, and, that picture of the pretty girl one is staring at may actually belong to his classmate’s daughter. Indeed, while online instruction offers convenience, portability, and arguably the same amount of â€Å"contact hours† and learning resources, face to face instruction tends to cater to a wider range of learning styles and a more secure and valid method of performance assessment. Online and face to face instruction differ on how they are attended. Online instruction is a system wherein students simply log on to their school’s website where they are provided with a myriad of options, from logging in to their online classes to checking out campus updates. On the other hand, usual face to face instruction requires the student to be in an actual concrete classroom, listening to an actual lecture or presentation conducted by a physically presen t instructor.. Face to face instruction is also referred to as â€Å"traditional instruction† or â€Å"chalk and talk† instruction (Smith, Ferguson and Caris). The concept of distance education offered by online instruction is not new as distance learning has been offered in earlier decades through the television and the mail. With the advancements in technology, online instruction has a tendency to mimic face to face instruction in many aspects (Aragon, Johnson and Shaik). After the initial birthing pains, online instruction has adapted more and more characteristics of face to face instruction. Before classes start in both online and face to face instruction, students are provided with a class syllabus and a list of requirements for the course such as textbooks and reading materials. In both cases, students are given options to purchase hardcopies of these materials or download electronic copies from indicated sources. In terms of course requirements, both online and face to face instruction require students, to a certain degree, to submit the same amount of term papers and research reports as part of their grades. Attendance to online classes is monitored by requiring students a certain number of discussion posts at different days of the week. In the same manner, the length of time required to take either online or face to face instruction are roughly the same. The direction of learning in the two modes of instruction is also a critical difference. To a certain degree, online instruction process is initially one-way, with the student going over all the learning materials before throwing a question through email or an online forum designated for their respective concerns. This one-way direction of instruction has long been discouraged by experts in the field of education because it does not cater to the different learning styles that students may have (Smith, Ferguson and Caris). Online instruction greatly limits the interactions between student s and the teacher and venues for spontaneous ideas and debates are unavailable. Due to the limited interaction, teachers likewise have limited venues to properly assess a student’s progress in online instruction compared with face to face instruction. In a face to face setup, students who are more comfortable of expressing their thoughts verbally are able to participate better during class discussions, thereby demonstrating that he or she is indeed familiar with the topics. Teachers may also be able to use a wider range of

The Bauhaus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Bauhaus - Essay Example The ability of the artist to combine space, form, and colour as well as the culture and tradition of the people within the society tells us something about an architectural design. In line with this matter, the author of Bauhaus discussed how the school became a strong influence in the training and development of craftmanship among the modern painters, achitects, and sculptors. One of the school’s strong influence of Bauhaus started when the school decided to effectively train the painters, architects and sculptors to become artistically inclined. This was done by enabling the students to understand the importance of combining their suggested ideas, concepts, knowledge on new materials and available technology including their individual skills when creating a new concept or design. In fact, one of the many goals of Bauhaus is to enable the readers to fully understand the importance of craftmanship especially when it comes to modernization of art designs. The Bauhaus started in Weimar between the years 1919 to 1925 when the school was temporarily closed because of the lack of financial capabilities to continue its operations. Between December 1926 up to 1932, the Bauhaus in Dessau became operational. Eventually, Bauhaus in Berlin managed to served the public only between 1932 to 1933 since the Bauhaus was closed down because of the political decisions of Hitler under the Nazi regime. The training provided by the Bauhaus to its students was not limited to designing on papers.

Review of Renaissance Architecture Styles

Review of Renaissance Architecture Styles Throughout the past years the emergence of architecture have gone through various evolutionary phases .The philosophy of Architecture produced with time two major branches which is the basic Renaissance and Baroque architecture. The development of Architecture from basic Renaissance form which indicates having the characteristics of dignity and formality shown through symmetry and that to have an available space for rational engagement with the divine which can be asserted that it certainly provides a rational engagement with architecture which is a more effective means to comprehend and understand architectural form than the Baroque form which contrarily presented the beginning of new dynamic, fluid and theatrical approach to architecture that was designed to impact directly upon emotional modes of engagement. The Baroque architecture which was originally linked to the counter reformation which is a movement within the catholic church to rebuild itself to respond to the Protestant c hurch and its embellishments were more reachable to the feelings and power of the Italian church which formed a new style, whereas Renaissance was a mixture of religious and secular force and withdraw the prosperity and strength of the Italian churches. From the 14th to the 17th century In Italy ,the city of Florence specifically is where the launch of Renaissance architecture which is also known as ‘Rebirth’ or ‘Revival’ of the Roman classic Arts had firstly began and later was distributed to the rest of Europe. Symmetry ,geometry, proportion and regularity of elements are they are shown in Ancient Roman architecture is what specify the Renaissance style. However, in the city of Florence , architects and artists demonstrated their support through their progress of new shapes of painting, sculpture and architecture, similar to seeking of prestige and position through their assistance of art and letters by the bankers and rich merchants. Hence ,As time passed by Renaissance Architecture has evolved and went through multiple stages .At first it has gone through the Early period which is the first transition period. Secondly comes Proto-Baroque which is before baroque or in other words High renaissance .Finall y It evaluated to Baroque period. Baroque architecture began in late 16th century in Italy that turned Renaissance architecture into a philosophical and imaginative in a theatrical fashion way often to express an imaginative idea. Lights and dramatic intensity is used also to represent Baroque architecture. Bernini and Borromini are the first two major architects that developed Baroque period as Bernini was the first one to evolve many sculptures into his buildings and the Francesco Burromini came to Italy to learn from Bernini. However, every style of Architecture has its own characteristics, materials, elements and shapes and different aims, but it is supported that approaching architecture with Renaissance style tends to be more engaging with architecture and understanding it and representing it in a right form than Baroque style. Late Roman buildings, particularly Donato Bramante’s St. Peters Basilica Tempietto in Rome its design attains a colossal unity that was not known before and hence can be considered as ancestor to baroque architecture. Donato Bramante was an Italian architect, who introduced Renaissance architecture to Milan and the High Renaissance style to Rome, where his plan forSt. Peters Basilica formed the basis of the design executed by Michelangelo. Donato Bramante Tempietto in Rome represent perfectly the Renaissance style of architecture The tempietto identified the start of the Renaissance in Rome in 1502, when a sanctuary to represent where saint peter was killed was requested from Alexander to be built allegedly .Bramante made his building to symbolize the Christian reference for tradition and platonic preference for the early church. The building is surrounded by a one-story Doric colonnade with entablature and balustrade and a 2-story cylinder covered by a hemispherical dome Bramante’s St.Peter scheme symbolized a building on the buildup of the Baths of Diocletian covered by a dome similar to that of the Pantheon. Began in April 1506. Nearly all the vital architect of the 16th and 17th had been altered by the same time that the church was fully adjusted. Renaissance architecture in both of these buildings tends to having planar classicm in which its walls are decorated with culomns ,pediments,and blind arches of small physical depth and that serves as flat canvases for a classical inveer ,which serves to split a wall into a precise and neat form ,contrarily in Baroque architecture the walls are deeply chelised and curved which treats as undulating whole .Furthermore, St Peter’s basilica and Donato Bramante’s Tempietto in Rome have Faà §ades that are symmetrical around their vertical axis. A systenm of pilasters ,arches and entlabatures which form a proportional surmount the facades and the columns and windows demonstrate progression toward the centre.In contrast Buildings such as John Balthasar Neumann’s Pilgrimage Church of Vierzehnheiligen in Bamburg, Germany the facades consisted of many curves, Baroque pediments (which is the triangular area between the rooftop and the edge of the roofs) were often highly de corated. Scrolls and gilded formed the tips sometimes. This is a photo for John Balthasar Neumann’s Pilgrimage Church of Vierzehnheiligen in Bamburg, Germany which represent the Baroque architecture The Baroque style has its unique oval shape and took the advantage of marbles, bronze and gilts in abundance of the interior and sometimes the interiors are covered by multiple gilded puttos and life sized ones. Using an art technique called as ‘‘Trompe l’oeil’’ painting including strongly realistic imagery hence to create the optical vision and illusion for objects to be visible in three dimensions the ceilings and domes of the baroque architecture were formed ,instead of being an ordinary two dimensional painting . The major role that Baroque architecture acted upon was the call for an architecture that is both reachable and accessible to feelings and emotions and also a shown statement of wealth and power of church. The facades consisted of many curves, Baroque pediments (which is the triangular area between the end of the roofs and the rooftop) were usually extremely decorated. The tips were sometimes turned into scrolls and gilded. A listed featu res of baroque architecture would include more curves rather than straight lines , decorative columns instead of a supportive one and twisted in shape as well , detailing with a high sense of decoration , applying the appearance of moving and continuous flow as well , along with an abundance of windows , and a lot of paintings blending with the architecture. The church was constructed between the year of 1743 to 1772 along with it unique design in the interior which strongly reflect the baroque architecture. The plan of the church shows the church has layout which is considered to be a complex of highly divided spatial arrangement in a Latin cross form, along with a series of ovals that divides a large series of ovals that’s perpendicular to it. Moving on to the ceiling, it’s broken up with huge windows that allow the space to be exposed to directional light. Combining all this together which is the amount of light coming from the windows and the flawless stucco work d one by the architects, created an amazing and simple in terms of a transporting interior which has been called Gods Ballroom .As a person approaches the church he or she will witness a wonderful sandstone faà §ade resembling a glorious baroque style along with an appealing and warm hue. In conclusion, Baroque architecture which considered to be related to emotional engagement, this style or architecture concentrate and give more attention to decoration more than support of the structure, curves rather than straight lines, and emphasis on the appearance of movement all along the church. Although baroque has barrows many features from the mannerism and renaissance, but at the same time there is a lot of differences found between these two styles of architecture. In indicating those differences u will conclude that renaissance is more based on realism and being straight, as well as having the characteristics of dignity and formality shown through symmetry and that to have an available space for rational engagement with the divine which can be asserted that it certainly provides a rational engagement with architecture, while the baroque style concentrates more in being complex and in a flow. Giving those factors renaissance architecture can be considered more convincing in terms of architectural aspects due to the high level of stability and proportionality which reflects the concept of power and routine which is needed in places like churches

Haile Selassie King of Kings, Conquering Lion of the tribe of Judah Ess

Haile Selassie King of Kings, Conquering Lion of the tribe of Judah When Ras Tafari Makonnen took the imperial throne in Ethiopia in 1930 as Haile Selassie I, a new movement was born in Jamaica. The crowning of a Black King? Was this not what Marcus Garvey told his Jamaican followers fifteen years earlier when he said"Look to Africa for the crowning of a Black King; he shall be the Redeemer"(BARRETT 8 1)? Selassie would prove to be one of Ethiopia's most noble leaders. He pushed education for his people. He made a valiant effort to drag Ethiopia out of its stagnant state of unpaved roads, minimal schools, very little education and no say in international affairs. He looked and carried himself like a king. The Ethiopian Emperor traditionally took the title King of Kings, Lion of the tribe of Judah as a title. There are over seventy different ethnic groups within Ethiopia's mountains. The dominant group were the Amharas. Selassie was an Amharic, and the government traditionally was predominantly Amharic. The people of Jamaica in 1930 were in a hopeless situation. They had been exploited from the first days of slavery on the island. There were minimal opportunities for improvement. With such Biblical inferences and a contrast to the leading, predominantly white, governments of the world, it is not hard to believe that a people of such strong faith would accept this new Emperor as their living savior. The Rastafarians were born out of desperation. They had nothing and were going no where. Haile Selassie was a symbol to them that the black man could be strong, contrary to what they saw in their own country. Ethiopia was a black nation that had been independent for thousands of years, despite its African neighbors (with the ... ...o he label him a savior remains a personal belief. Bibliography Barrett, Leonard E., Sr. The Rastafarians. Beacon Press Books. (Boston, MA). 1997. Clapham, Christopher. Haile- Selassie's Government. Frederick A. Praeger, Inc. (New York, NY). 1969. Felleman, Adam. Unofficial Selassie I Archives. http:/ /web.syr.edu/ affellem/ Gorham, Charles. The Lion of Judah: A life of Haile Selassie: Emperor of Ethiopia . Ariel Books, New York. 1966. Harrison, Michael. Selassie Home Page, Roots and Culture. August 10,1997. http://wwwjah.com Kaleidescope. Haile Selassie Biography. 1998. Kapuscinski, Ryszard. The Downfall of an Autocrat. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. (NewYork,NY). 1978. Lefort, Rene. Ethiopia: An Heretical Revolution?. Zed Press. (Totowa, NJ). 1983. Scott, William R. Sons of Sheba's Race. Indiana University Press (Indianapolis, IN). 1993.

Narcotics

The communication capabilities of specialized databases within the criminal Justice system, has been enhanced by the help of technology. Technology has many various forms in use today within the criminal Justice field. Systems such as the IRIS scans and mobile data terminals or MET for short, are electronically advanced tools for law enforcement work. For the subject matter of this particular paper my intention is to discuss and compare different forms of specialized databases.Also provided are some of the negative and positive effects due to all the new technologies in the rimming Justice field. Including those that have been and are currently being incorporated daily law enforcement actions and activities. One such specialized database used to help with communication is the mobile data terminal (MET). The mobile data terminal device is used in emergency and transit vehicles to communicate with the dispatch or central office (91 1 Dispatch Online, 2011). Many police agencies require officers to have this form of terminal system usually in the form of wireless mobile installed in their vehicles.Law enforcement officers use this database to manage their workload in the center and also provide officers gain better efficiency regarding time management. Mobile data terminals allow officers to have access to status updates, dispatch receipts, and to other units in case that unit needs backup and/or assistance. Frequent communication between dispatch and officers happen on this device frequently in order to know where to go, to update their statuses, to call for assistance, etc. IRIS scans are another form of specialized database the criminal Justice system uses frequently.The IRIS scan is a method of biometric identification in which pattern connection of the eye is used to determine the identity of a subject and/or suspect (Technology LLC, 2010). When identifying an individual IRIS scan may be quicker than retrieving fingerprints. IRIS recognition and IRIS scan are without a doubt proven to be the most accurate type of biometric devices the criminal Justice system has today. Utilizing a scan of different patterns in the eye are taken by a camera and then scanned. This works because Just like fingerprints no one person's eyes are the same.Everyone's eyes contain different patterns that make them unique thereby asking the device's results accurate due to a person's eye patterns different from any other person. Communication in the criminal Justice system is improved by the utilization of this technology. IRIS scans allow officers to determine if a person has already been processed in the criminal database as well as if they have a criminal history or background while allowing other Jurisdictions to be able to access the same forms of information even if the officers are not in the same town or city.IRIS scans and IRIS recognitions have only been used in the past decade and the overspent wants to continue to see this type of technology advance a nd grow within the criminal Justice system (Technology LLC, 2010). Currently database access, watch lists, security purposes, border crossings, passports, and computer logging are the main uses of the IRIS database. The mobile data terminal is currently the most widely used in vehicle device in the criminal Justice system.Just by typing in a suspect's name or scanning a form of their identification, a screen full of information comes up. This can include prior arrests, addresses, known associates, and aliases. The IRIS system although more advanced is not currently in may police vehicles and if it is they are usually a federal law enforcement vehicle. In comparison although the MET system is the most widely used and probably will be for a long time, the IRIS is the next evolution of this system.Both systems are very accurate and produce many of the same results. MET shows results when the information is scanned, typed in or relayed to the officer in another way. The IRIS scans the a ctual individual, stopping a suspect or offender from being able to lie about any detail of you they actually are. Thus providing the officer with a fake name impossible. The phrase' the eyes cannot tell a lie', is a motto I think the IRIS has proven. For many of us in today's society technology is a major factor we depend on to live our daily lives.New technologies create many positive effects towards communication. Cell phones, computers, IRIS scans and mobile data terminals, are only a few technological advances that have improved safety measures of officers while they patrol our communities. Cell phones are the greatest advancement of communication to date. Computers as well as the internet have increased the costive aspects on communication; they have allowed officers to organize, store, and process large amounts of information and data that officers use daily.As technology grows, new advancements will continue to improve computer systems and data processing that the criminal J ustice system uses on a daily basis. As with anything else with positives come negatives especially, in regards to technology. As a society we are so dependent on technology that if we were to lose the use of computers it would constitute a drastic negative effect on the criminal Justice system. Specifically he way officers gather, store, and share information and data.Advancements and the growth of technology have resulted in people to have to be trained over and over to keep abreast of the new types of technology. Technology and the consistent advancing, changes and updating causes problems due to the time it may take for an officer and/or person to learn the ever changing forms and uses of technology. Cost is another negative aspect of technology is that it costs to upgrade many of the devices I. E. Computer systems, cell phones, etc. And some law enforcement agencies ay not possess the monies required to upgrade these devices.Modern technology has caused some to work faster and harder to stay abreast of all the new technologies that are being implemented into our Jobs almost on a daily basis. I would choose the mobile data terminal, if given the option to choose the type of specialized technology I wanted to use. Since this device is helpful in storing large amounts of data while allowing information to be sent and received in a matter of seconds. Another reason is that the mobile data terminal has a built in GlobalPositioning system (GAPS) it would be very convenient to an officer who does not know the area well, but needs to get somewhere in a hurry. This same technology referring to the mobile data terminal is also responsible for allowing officers to receive status updates of other officers, subjects and suspects, and dispatch receipts. Also, the data terminal allows officers to receive information on offenders, suspects, etc. In a matter of seconds as opposed to having to go back to the police station to retrieve information and files that are needed in a timely manner.AVIS, mobile data ermine's, IRIS scans, live scans, and facial recognitions are all different forms of specialized databases in the criminal Justice system that help to improve our communication and work capabilities for law enforcement officers. Although, technology has many negative and positive effects overall it has improved our lives and work force especially in the criminal Justice system by leaps and bounds. Before the telephone police work was still successful and Justice was served. With new technology being developed it has also brought new types of criminals into the light.What technology has done for law enforcement worldwide is make it easier to log information, record larger amounts of data, and most importantly quickly share information, that can become corporeal such as records, criminal data, and up to the date essential data. In closing technology has changed the Justice system. References: Online, 9. (2013). Dispatch Magazine Online. Retrieved f rom http://www. Dispatch. Com/info/immobility. HTML Technology. (2012). Http://www. Technology. Com/CT/Technology-Article. Asp? Arthur=64. Retrieved from Technology: http://www. Technology. Com

Antitrust Revolution in The International Joint Venture

Antitrust Revolution in The International Joint Venture Introduction As corporate competition intensifies, businesses, especially multinational corporations are gradually expanding towards international boundaries to explore emerging markets. New business globalization strategies are emerging and firms are now adopting cross-border business partnerships known as International Joint Venture (IJV) approaches to enhance the growth of their businesses.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Antitrust Revolution in The International Joint Venture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Joint Ventures are different organizational entities developed through agreeable terms of two or more firms with the intent of achieving certain strategic purposes. According to Beamish and Lupton (75), â€Å"joint ventures aid firms in accessing new markets, knowledge, capabilities, and other resources.† While open international trade associations among nations have opened doors for successfu l multinational corporations to engage in joint ventures, multiple issues arise from IJV practice. Although the practice may deem significant and successful over time, the shared ownership often experience instability risks in the partnership as the joint venture involves different parent companies (Beamish and Lupton 75). Therefore, this essay analyses the case of IJV between General Motors and Toyota. Overview of the Case Years after the realization of International Joint Venture as a business practice that enhances global business expansion, corporate firms from the United States, United Kingdom, and Asia Pacific regions started working jointly. China and Japan opened free trade to many European nations and multinational companies from different nations amalgamated to venture in the burgeoning economies (Li et al. 52). Around 1980s, the automobile industry grew exponentially subsequently leading to international joint ventures between multinational companies from the United State s and those from Japan (Beamish and Lupton 75). By February 17 of 1983, General Motors of the United States entered into a production memorandum with Japanese Toyota Company purposely for mutual business growth (Kwoka 46). General Motors reached a consensus with Toyota following its troubled motor business in the United States and general exports, following the shooting of oil price around the Middle East. Toyota Company was by then leading in the production of small cars that satisfied consumer. None of the corporate firms could ascertain that this international Joint Venture between these great multinational could lead to one of the prime controversial corporate antitrust instigations of the modern days (Kwoka 46). The quandary that emerged after the mutual agreement was whether it would lead to an increase in production of smaller cars domestically manufactured by GM in the US or pricing wrangles between the two partners.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Beamish and Lupton (80) assert that, â€Å"organizations engaging in mergers and acquisitions may spin off joint ventures that do not fit the strategy of the new parent.† Multiple antitrust questions emerged since the inception of the joint venture between the two companies as corporate analysts focused their attention on several emergent issues (Kwoka 48). Making a decision on the relevant automobile market became a dilemma for the two partners, issues about the economic impact of the venture, and operational efficiencies in the joint venture as well, became questionable matters between the companies. While international joint ventures provide multinational corporations with opportunities to explore emerging markets and share business strategies, some joint ventures come with malice intentions than mutual benefit (Steensma et al. 495). Shortly after breaking down its mutual agreement with Ford at around July 1981, General Motors Corporation now known as General Motors Company presented a joint venture proposal to Toyota Company. General Motors Company has had a mixture of success and failure throughout its operations in the automobile industry (Kwoka 47). Knowing that its market of large-size fuel guzzler cars was in jeopardy and gradually dwindling following the dramatic rise of oil across the world, General Motors ensnared Toyota into a partnership. The two companies under agreeable terms were to invest equally in a joint business enterprise that Toyota Company would operate (Kwoka 47). The agreement also allowed a General Motor sub branch located along the West to produce some corolla-branded General Motor vehicle. The giant Japanese automobile company was still reluctant to form a joint venture with General Motors on the basis that operating costs in Japan were considerably lower as compared to operational costs in the United States (Kwoka 47). Ho wever, following demand for small cars that would be cost effective as presumed, the Toyota Company entered into bilateral relations with General Motors. Under the umbrella of the two companies who agreed to invest equally in the twelve-year partnership deal, the newly developed venture received a new name, NUMMI (New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc (Kwoka 48).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Antitrust Revolution in The International Joint Venture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Apart from equal investment agreement, the initial agreement about the joint venture was that the establishment intended to venture into the production of the new compact cars lasting, and not any other cooperative deal (Kwoka 49). Moreover, Toyota Motor would dominate the top management, control labor relations, provide car-assembling components, and design the cars in the bilateral business. More importantly, agreed NUMMI venture would operate for only 12 years. Legal Issues in the Case Despite joint venture largely depending on agreeable terms and concession between the two or more business partners, legal issues must remain acknowledged in partnership deal (Beamish and Lupton 80). In the process of entering into agreements about the formation of NUMMI both General Motors and Toyota Company breached some legal regulations that control bilateral trades. In the context of the United States business and trade regulations, before engaging in any mergers, corporate partnerships, business acquisitions, joint ventures like NUMMI, parent organization must respect federal laws (Kwoka 47). For an international joint venture involving companies from the United States and other countries become acceptable, the agreements must comply with the stipulations of the Federal State Commission (FTC) of the United States. As the FTC has the capacity to impose certain restrictions within the joint venture, especially anticompet itive issues, companies engaging in a joint venture must consider engaging the FTC in their agreement (Kwoka 49). General Motors and Toyota failed to comply with FTC regulations. The FTC has the power to minimize restrictions that encourage anticompetitive effects of bilateral trades and capitalize on the competitive benefits through federal antitrust acts (Kwoka 50). Based on the case reports, the FTC alleged that it was not aware of the joint venture between General Motor and Toyota and that it did not approve the partnership. Following such allegations, the FTC sought to challenge the joint venture of GM-Toyota legally through the United States antitrust laws. Many Asian countries have been using protectionist measures in the international trade and this meant the GM-Toyota agreement would probably have issues of industrial competitiveness. The FTC filed a lawsuit against the joint venture between General Motors and Toyota predominantly to protect and improve the industrial compe titiveness of United States corporations in the global market (Kwoka 50). Joint ventures approved by the FTC were rarely subject to antitrust actions from private organizations. Controversially, Americans fear of losing international competitiveness resulted in approval of the GM-Toyota joint venture.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Whereas the agreement of General Motor and Toyota Company on the NUMMI joint venture breached the FTC antitrust regulations stipulated under the Hart-Scott-Rodino act of 1976, the venture commenced although with legal prejudice (Kwoka 49). In this scandalous joint venture, the five Federal State Commissioners also practiced legal intolerance by deliberately consenting and approving the controversial joint venture. The United States federal law enforcers themselves played fowl in protecting the national interest in terms of international competitiveness as denying GM to produce small cars would ruin their international business competence (Kwoka 50). As an independent federal administrative agency, the FTC had the mandate to abolish or legitimize a consented joint venture. Apart from the five federal trade commissioners taking part in the investigation of the joint commission as requested, an independent private economist investigated the claims (Kwoka 50). Despite the report from th e private consulting economist suggesting that the GM-Toyota venture was unlawful, FTC voted on 3-2 margin and illegally approved the venture. Economic Analysis Relevant to the Case The United States has been very sensitive and competent in protecting its international supremacy, especially through the international markets and trade (Steensma et al. 495) Illegalizing the agreed joint venture between General Motors and Toyota could have resulted to serious economic implications for the United States. Automobile industry of the United States has been in the forefront in promoting growth of national economy and the ruling of FTC must have focused on the enhancement of economic efficiency. According to Steensma et al. (492), â€Å"the extent of control by foreign or local entities on joint ventures also has important economic implications.† The FTC commissioners and knew the perceived importance of the joint venture between the two companies to the economy of the United States. Failure to approve the venture during the moment of rising oil prices would hamper the sales of big fuel guzzlers produced by GM and other automobile companies in the United States; hence, affecting the national economy and its business reputation. Multinational corporations from Asian, Europe, and America have been essential in balancing the global economy through their involvement in international trade (Steensma et al. 493). However, the joint ventures agreed upon by these multinationals normally raise economic questions ever since bilateral agreements become acceptable. General Motors-Toyota joint business was likely to suffer from implications of cooperative behavior. Determining the relevant product or the compact car, that NUMMI would design was an economic question to consider in the General Motor-Toyota partnership. Japan during this moment was the leading exporter of automobiles in the United States, and therefore, the NUMMI partnership would affect Japanese car exports to the United States (Kwoka 51). Although the initial plan and target of General Motors targeting in the joint venture would have, to develop small cars that satisfy consumers in the American market, economics of market viability emerged. Although American domestic market could produce potential consumers, 200,000 to 400,000 units of new vehicles would exceed the market capacity. This meant that it was essential to identify a potential geographic market for the surplus production and export purposes to enhance further global outlook. The United States has several automobile companies that have always been competing for the same domestic market (Kwoka 60). Considering the American domestic automobile market for the newly designed vehicles was ambiguous as the market already had potential car manufactures and related production facilities. Economists always consider cars as differentiated goods where consumer behavior relies on consumer attitudes and perceptions on the car designs. Not all the differently designed cars imported into America or homemade earn the anticipated market reputation and the likelihood of the new cars to triumph in the market were unpredictable. America also had restrictions on imported cars and only allowed 1.68 million units annually (Kwoka 52). The concept of demand and supply in the economics of a market directly emerge from this viewpoint. The signing of General Motors-Toyota joint venture came shortly after the United States and Japan mutually introduced the Voluntary Restraint Agreement (VRA) to limit certain Japanese imports into the United States (Kwoka 56). The VRA is a form agreeable business engagement of that the United States adopted to regulate excess automobile imports from Japan. The VRA was a principle that was to become effective in two years from 1981. For economical perspective, VRA is a willful reduction of exports from an exporting country or without any coercion from trade tariffs and quotas developed by the importin g country (Kwoka 56). From the Japanese side, economists believed that it was a malicious plan by the United States government and its automobile industry to destroy the Japanese flourishing automobile market and industry. It was likely that following reduced imports of Japanese imported vehicles, Americans would rely on their domestically produced vehicles (Kwoka 56). If VRA would persist prior to the agreement, huge economic implication would befall Japan as a nation. The General Outcome of the Case Prior to its development and commencement, the reality about the unexpected and unforeseen economic consequences of the joint venture began protracting with time. The notion that General Motors was to pick the ideas of assembling small cars from the NUMMI joint venture and integrate it into its plans became futile (Kwoka 72). Limiting the size of the venture and its operational duration in the United States, predominantly to give General Motors a chance to pursue its plans of assemblin g small cars went unsuccessful. General Motors was unable to begin domestic assemblage of small cars, especially of Isuzu R-Car as per their anticipated plans and other small cars (Kwoka 74). Another foremost intention of the NUMMI joint venture was to assemble and produce small cars through Japanese artistic knowledge and management at considerably low operational and market expenses (Kwoka 75). Despite producing efficient automobile manufacturing techniques, the facility required lesser human capital than the earlier GM plant, but was still a high labor turnover. Conclusion Although international joint ventures are powerful business techniques that enable corporate organizations to undertake cross-border partnerships and expand internationally, numerous implications are unseen. The general optimistic perception is that joint ventures between multinational from different companies result in effective exploration of new markets, knowledge, and skill sharing among other significant r esources. Reason being that joint ventures depend on parent organizations with differing management practices and marketing strategies, managing the partnerships often becomes challenging. â€Å"These companies may have competing or incongruent goals, differences in management style, and in the case of international business, additional complexities associated with differing government policies and business practices† (Beamish and Lupton 75). The case of International joint venture between General Motors and Toyota Company is a replica of the above notions. Many multinational firms normally enter into joint venture accord principally to develop new products or services as witnessed in the case of General Motors and Toyota Company. Unknown is the logical fact that the survival of joint ventures will solely depend on the stipulations of the memorandum signed and the behaviors of the parent companies. The case of General Motor and Toyota may remain the most controversial and com plicated, especially when one observes the economic sense of the venture and the government stipulations that existed in both countries. General Motors was hopeful that the joint venture would spur its domestic market through the production of small-size cars, but finally received mixed fortunes of mostly failure. The FTC commissioners illegally accented the joint venture between the two companies in favor of protecting the image and competitiveness of the United States in the global market. Reliance on automobile corporations to enhance domestic economy and disproving the joint venture would lead to extreme detrimental economic implications for the United States. Playing fowl and accepting the joint agreement through a federal renowned FTC afterwards brought General Motors to economic tumble. Whereas Japanese and their Toyota small automobile techniques successfully managed to employ their efficient techniques to assemble the anticipated cars, some issues derailed the joint venture . The quandary about getting the most appropriate geographic market and competitiveness between the Japanese and the Unites States market emerged. The hidden agenda of General Motors was to manipulate Toyota’s small-cars technique and devise means of integrating the plan into their own designs. Everyone in the United States, including the presidentially appointed FTC thought that the NUMMI venture would be cost effective in its operations and optimistically increase the number of small cars that the American market desired. In the end, General Motors failed to explore its earlier plan of autonomously developing small cars in the United States using their own approaches. Toyota stuck to the earlier agreements and efforts to become independent in the small-car business went futile. Therefore, while joint ventures may present firms with growth opportunities, parent firms determine their success. Beamish, Paul, and Nathaniel Lupton. â€Å"Managing Joint Ventures.† Academy of Management Perspectives, 23.1 (2009): 75-94. Print. Kwoka, John. â€Å"International Joint Ventures: General Motors and Toyota.† The Antitrust Revolution: Economics, Competition, and Policy. 1st ed. Ed. John Kwoka and Lawrence White. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. 46-79. Print. Li, Jiatao, Katherine Xin, Anne Tsui, and Donald C. Hambrick. â€Å"Building Effective International Joint Venture Leadership Teams in China.† Journal of World Business 34.1(1999): 52-68. Print. Steensma, Kevin, Jeffrey Barden, Charles Dhanaraj, Marjorie Lyles, and Laszlo Tihanyi. â€Å"The evolution and internalization of international joint ventures in a transitioning economy.† Journal of International Business Studies 39.3 (2008): 491–507. Print.

Galileo Biography

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